Ashford International Law P.C.

The matters below are representative of the firm’s cross-border estate and tax practice. Details have been anonymized and figures rounded. Each matter is described only to the extent necessary to show the nature of the work involved.

Representative Matters

Estate value USD 44 million: residences in Germany and the United States

The decedent maintained residences in both Germany and the United States. Both countries therefore asserted a taxing right over the estate, and the administration had to satisfy two sets of succession and reporting rules at once. The firm administered the estate on both sides of the Atlantic, coordinated the German and American filings so that relief under the applicable treaty and credit rules was preserved, and structured the administration to reduce the overall tax burden on the estate. Tax matters left unresolved during the decedent’s lifetime were regularized within the same engagement, so that the estate could be closed and distributed without open exposure on either side.

Assets of EUR 400 million: compulsory portion of a disinherited daughter

The client, a daughter of a German business family, lives in the United States and had been excluded from her parent’s will. German law grants a disinherited child a compulsory portion (Pflichtteil), a monetary claim against the estate that cannot be removed by testamentary disposition, and claims of this kind turn on the valuation of closely held company assets and on strict statutory deadlines. The firm advised and represented the client from the United States, asserted the claim against a family estate valued at approximately EUR 400 million, and secured her entitlement.

Estate value USD 20 million: continuity of a German family business

The decedent’s will was intended to keep a German family business in the family’s hands, but it was defective in form. The firm obtained recognition and enforcement of the will in the United States and defended the estate against compulsory portion claims brought by other family members. The business passed as the decedent had intended, and its continued operation was not put at risk by claims that would have had to be funded out of the company itself.

Matter value USD 8 million: challenge to a fraudulent codicil

A codicil surfaced unexpectedly in the administration of an estate of approximately USD 70 million in Washington, DC, purporting to grant a distant relative a legacy of USD 8 million. The firm challenged the document as fraudulent and conducted the litigation on behalf of the German heirs through to a satisfactory conclusion.

Asset level USD 38 million: American trusts with beneficiaries in Germany and France

The client, an individual resident in Virginia, held her wealth through a revocable trust and several irrevocable trusts, with the remainder beneficiaries living in Germany and France. Trusts of this kind are unremarkable in American planning and difficult everywhere else, because neither German nor French law has an equivalent institution and each treats the trust on its own terms rather than on the terms of the instrument. A distribution that is simply a distribution in the United States can be treated in the beneficiary’s country as an acquisition subject to inheritance or gift tax, and the trustee’s reporting duties differ again in each. The firm reviewed the existing instruments against the position of each beneficiary, advised on the American withholding and reporting that attaches to distributions to beneficiaries abroad, and on how the terms of the trusts, in particular whether income is carried out to the beneficiary or accumulated, change the result in Germany and in France. The trusts were then restructured so that they perform as intended for a beneficiary in each of the three countries.

Estate value USD 9 million: German real estate and precious metals in Switzerland

The clients, a married couple in New York, inherited from a German national whose estate consisted principally of a portfolio of German real estate together with a holding of precious metals in Switzerland. German succession law governed the estate and German inheritance tax applied to it in full, while the couple’s own position was determined by American law, which taxes them on the income the inherited assets produce and requires the receipt itself to be reported. The firm handled the German administration and the dealings with the German authorities, advised on the holding, letting and eventual disposal of the German property and on the German holding periods that bear on a sale, addressed the questions of situs, custody and reporting raised by the metals held in Switzerland, and set out the American filings the couple had to make. The inheritance reached them without unresolved exposure in any of the three countries.

Client identities and identifying details have been withheld or altered. Every estate turns on its own facts, on the jurisdictions involved and on the law in force at the time. Prior results do not guarantee or predict a similar outcome in any other matter.

Recurring Matters

Alongside the individual matters above, the firm handles the following categories of work on a continuing basis.

Estates of German decedents with beneficiaries in the United States

The firm settles the estates of Germans who die in Germany leaving heirs or legatees in the United States. These estates typically hold substantial financial investments together with a portfolio of leased commercial and residential real estate. The work covers the German administration itself, the ongoing management of tenanted property while the estate is open, the American reporting obligations of the beneficiaries, and the transfer of the proceeds to them in a form that neither triggers avoidable tax nor leaves reporting obligations unmet.

Settlement of United States estates for beneficiaries abroad

The firm settles estates in the United States where the heirs, legatees or trust beneficiaries live abroad. The work covers the probate or administration proceeding in the relevant state, the collection and valuation of the American assets, creditor claims, the estate’s own tax filings, and the clearances, certificates and withholding formalities that American banks, transfer agents and title companies require before anything is released to a person outside the country. Beneficiaries abroad face a second set of questions at home, because the inheritance is taxed and reported where they live, and the firm coordinates the American administration with that so the two are not answered in isolation.

Estates and assets spread across several countries

The firm represents families, heirs and fiduciaries in the administration and settlement of assets located in Germany, France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Work of this kind requires parallel probate or succession proceedings, the reconciliation of conflicting matrimonial property and forced heirship rules, and coordination with local counsel, banks and tax authorities in each country. The firm acts in the jurisdictions in which it is admitted and directs the work in the others, so that the estate is settled once as a whole rather than in several proceedings that take no account of one another.

Lifetime structuring and ongoing advice for United States persons with assets in Western Europe

The firm advises United States citizens and residents on the holding and structuring of their assets during their lifetime, in Western Europe and at home, working with local counsel in the jurisdictions in which the firm is not admitted. The object is a structure that is effective under local law and at the same time sound for United States income, gift and estate tax purposes, since arrangements that are ordinary in Europe can carry unexpected consequences under American law. The firm also advises the same individuals and families on their United States assets on a continuing basis. Those holdings commonly include a substantial financial portfolio, real estate and interests in operating businesses, and they cannot sensibly be planned in isolation from the European side, because the two together determine the exposure, the reporting obligations and the eventual disposition of the estate as a whole.

Cross-border estate plans

The firm regularly drafts the plan for the transfer of an estate at death, for individuals and families whose assets lie on both sides of the Atlantic, in the United States and in Western Europe. These estates commonly combine substantial financial portfolios, real estate holdings and business interests in several countries, and a plan that works in one of them can defeat itself in another, whether through conflicting succession rules, forced heirship, matrimonial property regimes or a tax charge that arises only because of how the assets are held. The firm designs the plan as a single structure across the jurisdictions involved and prepares the American instruments, coordinating with local counsel where local instruments or local formalities are required, so that the documents in each country operate together rather than against one another.

Advice to Western European passive investors in the United States

The firm advises Western European investors who hold American assets as an investment rather than as a business they run, whether a securities portfolio, real estate held for income or appreciation, or a minority interest in a closely held company. The advice covers the choice of holding structure, the treatment of income and gains, the exit, and the estate tax exposure that attaches to United States situs assets held by non-residents, which is frequently overlooked until it is expensive to correct.

Advice to German investors in the United States

The firm advises German nationals and residents on their investments in the United States, including real estate, interests in closely held companies and securities portfolios. The advice covers the choice of holding structure, the treatment of rental income, dividends and capital gains, the withholding that applies to a non-resident investor, and the exit. It also covers the exposure that is most often overlooked, namely that American assets held by a non-resident fall within the reach of United States estate tax on the owner’s death, with an exemption far below the amount available to an American, and that relief under the German-American estate tax treaty depends on how the investment was structured in the first place rather than on what is decided afterwards.

Western European business owners with closely held businesses in the United States

The firm advises Western European business owners on their closely held businesses in the United States. It forms the American subsidiary, advises on the choice of entity, its capitalization and the arrangements between it and the European parent, and then acts as outside counsel to the subsidiary on its continuing affairs, including governance, contracts, employment questions and the corporate formalities the entity must observe to keep its standing and its liability shield. The owner’s personal position is part of the same picture, since shares in an American company are United States situs assets and belong in the family’s own succession planning rather than being treated as a purely corporate matter.

Family businesses from the German-speaking countries with subsidiaries in the United States

The firm advises family businesses from Germany, Austria and Switzerland on their American operations. It forms the American subsidiary, advises on the choice of entity, its capitalization and the contractual and pricing arrangements between it and the European parent, and then acts as outside counsel to the subsidiary on its continuing affairs, including governance, contracts, employment questions and the corporate formalities the entity must observe to keep its standing and its liability shield. The owning family’s own position belongs in the same picture, since shares in an American company are United States situs assets and fall to be considered in the family’s succession planning.

Advice to United States executors and administrators

The firm advises American executors, administrators and trustees on distributions to beneficiaries resident abroad. An executor who releases funds across a border without first addressing withholding, clearance and reporting requirements may remain personally answerable for the shortfall after the estate has been distributed, and the firm’s role is to see that the distribution is made in the correct sequence and properly documented.

Advice to agents acting under powers of attorney

The firm advises agents appointed under powers of attorney, including German and other Western European instruments, on the United States and Western European assets and interests of the principal for whom they act. Much of the work concerns the instrument itself: what the agent is actually authorized to do, whether a particular transaction falls inside the grant, and what the agent’s duties are toward the principal, including the duty to act in the principal’s interest, to keep the principal’s property separate, to keep records and to account. Cross-border authority is the second recurring difficulty. An instrument valid where it was executed is often not accepted by an American bank, transfer agent or county recorder without further formalities, and an American power is met with the same reservation in Europe. The firm establishes the scope of the authority under each applicable law, obtains recognition of the instrument where recognition is required, and advises on the transactions themselves, so that the agent acts within the authority conferred, discharges the obligations that come with it, and is able to account for what has been done.

Advice to United States financial institutions

The firm advises American banks, trust companies and other financial institutions on the tax compliance and liability questions raised by their cross-border matters, including distributions to foreign beneficiaries. The recurring issues are the correct characterization of the payment, the institution’s withholding and reporting duties, the documentation it must collect and retain, and the exposure it carries if a payment is released without them.